The expression \u201cracial whitening policies\u201d refers to projects and practices that have sought, through different means, to impose white supremacy, reduce the visibility of Black or Indigenous populations, or exclude them from citizenship, land, and resources. These mechanisms do not all describe the same reality: some took the form of state-supported European immigration, while others involved segregation, forced displacement, control of marriage, mass violence, or administrative erasure.<\/p>\n
Seven historical trajectories illustrate the scale and diversity of these policies. They also show that a national narrative claiming racial homogeneity may rest on enduring exclusions.<\/p>\n